96 research outputs found

    On Social and Market Sanctions in Deterring non Compliance in Pollution Standards

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    In this paper, we theoretically explore the implications of social norms in deterring pollution standard fraud along with economic incentives provided both by markets and regulatory activities. The model assumes that a large number of risk-averse individuals differ not only in their private cost of compliance with the environmental standard but also in their individual aversion to fraud. The aversion of fraud is influenced by the extent of social norms. We show that there may be multiple equilibrium rates of compliance for a given enforcement policy. We also show that under risk aversion the potential loss in market revenues has an ambiguous effect on the equilibrium rates of compliance. Similarly, increasing the probability of audit may decrease the equilibrium rate of compliance when stochastic events make unvoluntary non compliance possible. Last, we show that the information brought to the market is crucial for polluters' behavior. For this, we explore the impact of self-reporting procedures and public disclosure of criminal records.Environmental Economics and Policy,

    Acceptable Reforms of Agri-Environmental Policies

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    We consider a model of regulation for nonpoint source water pollution through non linear taxation/subsidization of agricultural production. Farmers are heterogenous along two dimensions, their ability to transform inputs into final production and the available area they possess. Asymmetric information and participation of farmers to the regulation scheme put constraints on the optimal policy that we characterize. We show that a positive relationship between size of land and ability may exacerbate adverse selection effects. We then introduce acceptability constraints and show that the intervention under acceptability amounts to reallocate production towards inefficient farmers who benefit from the reform at the expense of efficient producers. Last, we calibrate the model using datas on a french watershed (Don watershed). Simulations indicate that satisfying a high degree of acceptability does not entail high welfare losses compared to low degree of acceptability.Environmental Economics and Policy,

    Tradable pollution permits in dynamic general equilibrium: can optimality and acceptability be reconciled?

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    In this paper we study the optimal growth path and its decentralization in a two-sector overlapping- generations model with pollution. One sector (power generation) is polluting and the other (final good) is not. Pollution is regulated by tradable emission permits. The issue is whether the optimal growth path can be replicated in equilibrium with pollution permits, given that some permits must be issued free of charge for the sake of political acceptability. We provide a policy rule that allows optimality and acceptability to be reconciled.general equilibrium, optimal growth, pollution, tradable emission permits, acceptability

    BIOECONOMIC MANAGEMENT OF RED SWAMP CRAYFISH (PROCAMBARUS CLARKII) IN THE PRESENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL EXTERNALITIES

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    Red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) is a valuable renewable resource which creates significant negative externalities to its environment. Crayfish can cause severe crop damage by burrowing in fields and using irrigation systems to spread. These crayfish are resistant to normal dosages of pesticides which are harmful to fish and birds, can endure months of dryness, and live in a low oxygen environment. This paper presents a simple bioeconomic model for optimal use of the red swamp crayfish accounting for its value in consumption, adapting Plourde's (1970) model to include the negative externalities.Resource /Energy Economics and Policy,

    Managing a Common Renewable Resource in Asymmetric Information

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    The clear definition of property rights is not a sufficient condition to prevent congestion effects in commons. In this paper we present how interesting can be the coordination among owners in the preservation of the common good. Our approach takes into account economic dynamics and incentive mechanisms in a hidden information context. We consider a natural resource which is being used up for a continuum of producers on a common property regime. We also consider that each producer has an individual performance index which is a hidden information of the rest of players. We introduce coordination in the sense of a global maximization of the joint profit. If there is no coordination among the producers, their behavior leads to complete rent dissipation. We focus our model in the case of the producers convinced to coordinate their actions in order to preserve their own economic sustainability. Under perfect information we find that the exclusion of at subset of producers can appear and how it is endogenously determined. Under asymmetric information we propose a quantity-transfer contract which lead us to the previous stationary disposal stock of the resource without exclusion.Commons, Natural Resources, Dynamics, Asymmetric Information, Contracts, Environmental Economics and Policy,

    Retrait des terres et subsidiarité dans le cadre de la Politique Agricole Commune

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    Ce papier aborde la question de la subsidiaritĂ© dans le cadre de la Politique Agricole Commune. L'instrument privilĂ©giĂ© est ici un contrat de gel de terre dont la dĂ©finition relĂšve soit directement des instances de l'Union EuropĂ©enne, soit des instances nationales. Dans ce dernier cas, dit de subsidiaritĂ©, le budget public associĂ© aux contrats est supportĂ© par les budgets nationaux. Les contrats sont dĂ©terminĂ©s dans les deux types d'intervention publique, nationale et europĂ©enne. Dans le cas d'une politique de subsidiaritĂ©, les contrats nationaux sont dĂ©finis par un Ă©quilibre de Nash rĂ©sultant d'un jeu intra-europĂ©en. On ne peut dĂ©terminer analytiquement la politique qui domine l'autre en terme de welfare, sauf dans le cas trĂšs particulier d'Etats « identiques ». Dans ce cas, la politique commune domine la politique de subsidiaritĂ©. Toutefois le cadre thĂ©orique Ă©laborĂ© est propice Ă  l'analyse empirique. Pour illustrer cette dĂ©marche, une analyse quantitative est proposĂ©e pour le secteur du blĂ© tendre dans l'Union EuropĂ©enne Ă  12 selon des donnĂ©es de 1994. Elle permet la comparaison des gains pour les producteurs, les consommateurs, et les contribuables des 12 pays dans les 3 situations offertes successivement par l'Ă©tat de rĂ©fĂ©rence, la politique commune de gel de terre et la politique de subsidiaritĂ©.ThĂ©orie des contrats, gel de terres, asymĂ©tries d’information

    Ressources renouvelables et quotas d’exploitation dans un modĂšle Ă  gĂ©nĂ©rations imbriquĂ©es

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    Dans le cadre d'un modĂšle Ă  gĂ©nĂ©rations imbriquĂ©es, nous supposons que la gestion d'une ressource renouvelable correspond Ă  l'Ă©mission de quotas d'exploitation transfĂ©rables. Chaque agent a la possibilitĂ© d'utiliser les quotas dans la production ou de les vendre Ă  la gĂ©nĂ©ration suivante. Nous montrons qu'une telle politique de gestion d'une ressource naturelle renouvelable est possible seulement pour certains niveaux de ressource au moment de l'introduction des quotas. Nous montrons alors que les quotas conduisent Ă  l'existence d'un unique Ă©quilibre stable de long terme fonction du niveau d'exploitation dĂ©fini par le planificateur.Quotas d’exploitation, Ressources renouvelables, GĂ©nĂ©rations imbriquĂ©es

    David Pearce et l’analyse Ă©conomique des problĂšmes environnementaux

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    Une mĂ©ta-analyse de l’évaluation Ă©conomique des dommages sanitaires attribuĂ©s Ă  la pollution atmosphĂ©rique

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    La monĂ©tarisation des externalitĂ©s environnementales s’est considĂ©rablement dĂ©veloppĂ©e ces derniĂšres annĂ©es. Dans le domaine de l’évaluation des dommages sanitaires attribuĂ©s Ă  la pollution atmosphĂ©rique, diverses mĂ©thodes ont Ă©tĂ© employĂ©es. À partir de l’ensemble des rĂ©sultats, il est intĂ©ressant d’essayer d’établir une relation entre valeur obtenue et mĂ©thode utilisĂ©e.La mĂ©ta-analyse s’est d’abord dĂ©veloppĂ©e dans les sciences mĂ©dicales et commence Ă  connaĂźtre des applications en Ă©conomie. Il s’agit d’une mĂ©thode utilisĂ©e pour rĂ©sumer, Ă©valuer et analyser les rĂ©sultats de la littĂ©rature empirique existante qui peut se rĂ©vĂ©ler un bon complĂ©ment d’une revue de littĂ©rature traditionnelle. L’objectif de cet article est d’appliquer cette mĂ©thode Ă  l’évaluation des dommages environnementaux et sanitaires attribuĂ©s Ă  la pollution atmosphĂ©rique afin de mieux comprendre l’influence des contraintes d’application et des caractĂ©ristiques d’évaluation sur les estimations obtenues.The purpose of this paper is to describe the research method of meta-analysis and to use meta-analytical techniques to observe contextual and methodological constraints which are as many sources of divergences between the estimates of health costs of air pollution. Indeed, meta-analysis is a research method to summarize, evaluate and analyse previously obtained research results. Although it has been first employed for medical sciences, it is increasingly used in economics as a complement to a state of the art literature review.Results issuing from ordinary least squares estimators suggest that the health costs associated with air pollution crucially depend both on the applied method of valuation and on the specification of the model

    Le dĂ©veloppement durable : Que peut nous apprendre l’analyse Ă©conomique ?

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    L’objectif de cet article est de montrer comment la recherche en Ă©conomie aborde et analyse le concept de dĂ©veloppement durable, ses significations et ses consĂ©quences. A cette fin, nous avons privilĂ©giĂ© un fil directeur qui peut ĂȘtre rĂ©sumĂ© sous la forme de deux questions : Comment la prĂ©occupation pour la durabilitĂ© modifie-t-elle la maniĂšre dont les Ă©conomistes Ă©tudient les problĂšmes de dĂ©veloppement et de croissance ? Comment intervenir de façon Ă  inflĂ©chir les comportements des agents individuels et des institutions dans un sens plus durable Pour rĂ©pondre Ă  la premiĂšre question, on mobilisera les outils de la macroĂ©conomie de la croissance. Pour rĂ©pondre Ă  la deuxiĂšme, on utilisera principalement le cadre de rĂ©fĂ©rence de l’économie de l’environnement et des ressources naturelles (pour une prĂ©sentation synthĂ©tique de l’économie de l’environnement, voir, par exemple, Bontems et Rotillon, 2003 ; pour une prĂ©sentation synthĂ©tique de l’économie des ressources naturelles, voir, par exemple, Rotillon, 2005). [...].
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